Economic Status and Subjective Wellbeing of Sikh Community in District Peshawar, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i1.121Keywords:
Sikh Community, Economic Status, District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Subjective WellbeingAbstract
This paper explores the economic status of the Sikh community residing in District Peshawar, Pakistan. The economic variables have been measured in terms of house status, house nature and different facilities in house, income of the respondents and their different monthly expenditure. A sample of 310 households has been selected through purposive sampling. The multi-variate regression analysis was applied to measure the wellbeing. The quantitative data reveals that more than eighty percent respondents (84.4%) supported the view that they have a stable economic status based on cloths, cosmetics and mobiles. Material Living Condition, Health access and status, Natural and Living Environment (NLE), and Education Access and Status (EA&S) is positively related to wellbeing. Personal Safety (PS) and security affecting the wellbeing of the Sikh community. The Health Access and Status (HA&S) and Social Relation and Cohesion (SR&C) is negatively related (-.147) to wellbeing. The government should ensure personal safety, health and education access and better natural and living environment for Sikh community in the country in general and Peshawar in particular.
References
Ali, F. (2002) ”N.W.F.P Under The Sikh Rule”. M.A Thesis submitted to the Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar.
Ali, S..(1940) An Historical Account of the Sikh and Afghan. London: John Murrey.
Ahluwalia, Jasbir S. (1983). The Sovereignty of the Sikh Doctrine: Sikhism in the Perspective of Modern Thought. New Delhi: Bahri Publications (Pvt) Ltd.
Barrier, N. Gerald & Dusenbery, A. Verne (1989). The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab. Edited. Delhi: Chanakya Publications.
Bhattacharya, V. Ranjan (1988). Secular Thoughts of the Sikh Guru. New Delhi: Gian Publishing House.
Das, G. (1878) Tarikh-i-Peshawar. (Urdu). Lahore: Kohinoor Publishers.
Eleanor, N. (2005) Sikhism: A very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, United States.
Grewal J. S. (2008) The Sikh of the Punjab. Revd.ed. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press.
Griffin. A. H. (1967) Ranjit Singh. London: Oxford University Press.
Griffin, L. (1901) “Sikh and Sikhism.” The North American Review, Vol. 172, No. 531,503-515.
Harban S. (1964). The Heritage of the Sikh. Bombay: Asia Publication house India.
Hussain, S. Shabir.(1984) Sikh at the Crossroads. Islamabad: Kamran Publishing House.
Ishfaq, M. (2007) Trans. Robert van de Veer. Sikhmat, Tarikh, Aqayed, Phalsaph. Lahore: Book Home.
Jafar, G. (1987). Sikh Volcano. Lahore: Vangurard Books (Pvt) Ltd.
Surinder, J. S. (2001) Birth of the Khalsa. 1st ed. New Delhi: Ajanta Book International.
Kapur, R. Alochan. (1986), Sikh-The Politics of Faith Separatism. London: Allen and Unwin.
Karbalai, Hussain, S. Shirazi.(n.d) Tarikh-i-Ahmad Shah Durranis. p.n &d.n.
Kaur, M. (2000) Guru Gobind Singh And Creation of Khalsa. Amritsar: Press & Publications Department, Guru Nanak Dev University.
Khawaja, S. (1985). Sikhs of the Punjab 1900-1925: A Study of Confrontation & Political Mobilization. Lahore: Jamal Mahmud Press.
Kakakhel, Bahadur S, S. Z. (n.d) Pukhtana da Tarikh Pa Ranra Kay. (Pashto). Peshawar: University Book Agency.
Mann, Jasbir, S and Kharak, S. (1990), Recent Research on Sikhism”. PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA Papers Contributed at the Religious Conferences, Held in Canada and the U.S.A (1990), 3-381.
Mcleod, W. H. (1968) Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. London: Clarendon Press.
Rahman U. A. (2012) “Sikh Marriage Ceremony (Anand Kiraj): Theory and Practice, A Case study of Sikh community in Peshawar” .M.Phil. Thesis International Islamic University Islamabad.
Renu, B, (2011) “Society and Culture of the Punjab (Late Eighteenth-Early Nineteenth Century)” Ph.D. Dissertation .Department of History Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar.
Singh, H. (n.d) The Heritage of the Sikhs. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
Singh, K. (1963) A History of the Sikhs. Vol:I. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Singh, N and Gunder K. (2009) World Religious Sikhism. 3rd ed. New York. Chelsea House.
Singh, G. (1990) A History of the Sikh People 1469-1988. New Delhi: World Book Centre.
Singh. P. (2003) Basakhi of the Khalsa Panth. Reprint. New Delhi. Hemkunt Publisher (L) Ltd.
Singh, T. (1982) The Sikh Revolution. A Perspective View. Atlantic Highlands: N.J. Humanities Press.
Singh, T. (1970) Sikhism: Its Ideals and Institutions. Amritsar: Khalsa Brothers.
Singh, K. Mansukhani G. S. and Mann J. S. (1991) Fundamental Issues in Sikh Studies, Institute of Sikh Study Chandigrah: 3-238.
Singh, A. (2013) “Humanistic Concerns of Sikhism”. International Level Multidisciplinary Research Journal: Indian Stream Research Journal Vol. II, 1-4.
Wood .C. B. (1988) India’s Freedom Struggle. Delhi: n.p 1988.
Yuasf, A. B. (1973) Yusafazi Pathan, 3rded Karachi: Teen Hati, sharif Art Press.
Zulfiqar, A. (2002) Peshawar: Sikhs want Girls School, Dawn. “Weekend Post”. Peshawar, 4th February 2002.





